`Race to the Bottom’ or `Race to Brussels’? Environmental Competition in Europe

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Series Title
Series Details Vol.49, No.2, March 2011, p315-340
Publication Date March 2011
ISSN 0021-9886
Content Type

Abstract: The theory of regulatory competition in environmental policy predicts a `race to the bottom' of standards. This article tests the theory using environmental output data for 24 countries from 1970 to 2005. It finds a clear `race to the top' and a search for international harmonization when competition is imminent.

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Countries / Regions