Proximate factors in the mobilization of anti-EU groups in France and the UK: the European Union as first-order politics

Abstract:

Events relating to the European Union are typically conceived of as being a 'second-order' phenomenon in domestic politics; 'European' referenda, elections, etc. are first and foremost a function of domestic/national issues. However, in the case of anti-EU groups it is apparent that they are formed primarily as a result of European events. This paper provides a comprehensive taxonomy of proximate factors in such groups' mobilization, using the otherwise contrasting examples of France and the UK. Consideration is taken of non-party groups, intra-party factions and parties, in order to ensure a complete overview. In both countries, almost all groups either form or become anti-EU in nature in proximate response to European events. The reasons for this are discussed and explained, as are the limitations of this view of the EU as first-order politics.