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Summary:
National intelligence cultures are shaped by their country’s history and environment. Featuring 32 European countries, the work provides insight into a number of rarely discussed national intelligence agencies to allow for comparative study, offering hard to find information into one volume.
In their chapters, the contributors, who are all experts from the countries discussed, address the intelligence community rather than focus on a single agency. They examine the environment in which an organization operates, its actors, and cultural and ideological climate, to cover both the external and internal factors that influence a nation’s intelligence community. The result is an exhaustive, unique survey of European intelligence communities rarely discussed.
Table of contents:
Introduction / Bob de Graaff & James M. Nyce
1. Albania: change and continuity / Arjan Dyrmishi
2. Austria: An intelligence hub coming out of the shadows / Siegfried Beer
3. Belgium: A modern legal and policy framework for intelligence services with a long tradition / Dirk van Daele
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Historical development of the intelligence and security system / Maid Pajević
5. Bulgaria: A centenary unknown history / Jordan Baev
6. Croatia: Construction and deconstruction of the Croatian intelligence community (1990-2014) / Gordan Akrap & Miroslav Tuđman
7. Czech Republic: The Czech path between totalitarianism and democracy / Prokop Tomek
8. Denmark: From state security to security state: The invention of preventive security / Lars Erslev Andersen
9. Estonia: Intelligence and security in the twentieth century / Eero Medijainen
10. Finland: The intelligence services in a cultural and historical context / Juho Kotakallio
11. France: The intelligence services’ historical and cultural context / Eric Denécé
12. Germany: An intelligence community with a fraught history / Wolfgang Krieger
13. Greece: The need for modernization in an unstable environment / John M. Nomikos
14. Iceland: A small state learning the intelligence ropes / Jakob Thor Kristjansson
15. Ireland: Plus ça change, 1945-2015 / Eunan O’Halpin
16. Italy: From secret services to intelligence / Marco Lombardi & Laris Gaiser
17. Lithuania: The challenge of merging the present and the past / Vaidotas Urbelis
18. Luxembourg: A country which did not need an intelligence service? / Gérald Arboit
19. Montenegro: Trends and patterns in the intelligence sector / Dražen Cerović, Nenad Koprivica & Danijela Vujošević
20. The Netherlands: Almost full circle / Bob de Graaff
21. Norway: Peaceful state, crucial geography, upheaval and reform / Njord Wegge
22. Poland: The special services since the independence / Artur Gruszczak
23. Portugal: Particulars of the Portuguese intelligence services / Teresa Rodrigues & José Manuel Duarte de Jesus
24. Romania: An introduction to its intelligence services / Larry L. Watts
25. Serbia: An awkward legacy / Predrag Petrovic
26. Slovakia: State security and intelligence since 1945 / Matej Medvecký & Jerguš Sivoš
27. Slovenia: The intelligence system, its development, and some key challenges / Iztok Prezelj
28. Spain: Intelligence in context today / Antonio M. Díaz-Fernández
29. Sweden: A delicate liaison / Wilhelm Agrell & Gunilla Eriksson
30. Switzerland: Intelligence in the new security paradigm / Jacques Baud
31. Ukraine: KGB to Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) / Taras Kuzio
32. United Kingdom: Organization and oversight after Snowden / Peter Gill
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