Development of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project

Summary:

Reports and analyses on the development of the so-called 'Nord Stream 2', a gas project which aims to link Russia and Western Europe while bypassing countries in central and eastern Europe.

Further information:

Russia's energy company Gazprom confirmed on 18 June 2015 plans to expand the existing Nord Stream gas pipeline beneath the Baltic Sea and into Germany. An agreement was signed in September between the Russian company and five European energy companies to deliver the pipeline project - E.ON, OMV, Shell, Wintershall and ENGIE.

The project drew deep divisions within the European Union (EU). Central and eastern European countries - led by Poland - argued that such endeavour would undermine the EU's strategic energy interests and violate competition rules. Others - spearheaded by Germany and including the nordic countries - vowed to press forward with the project and defended limited intervention by the European Commission, prioritising the economic benefits of the project. The issue was raised at the European Council summit in December 2015 and during a plenary debate at the European Parliament in May 2016.

In August 2016, following a Statement of Objections from Poland's competition authority, the companies involved in developing the project withdrew their application to form the joint venture. However, Gazprom later stated it still intended to build the pipeline despite the opposition of Polish regulators. In March 2017, the European Commission proposed to settle the legal status of Nord Stream 2 with an intergovernmental agreement between Russia and the European Union, negotiated by the Commission itself on behalf of the EU Member States. The request for a mandate was officially adopted by the Commission on 9 June and discussed by the Council of the European Union at a meeting on 26 June. In May 2018, Poland's competition authority developed further proceedings aimed at preventing monopoly issues related to construction of gas provision through the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.

In November 2017, the Commission put forward a draft law to amend Directive 2009/73/EC [Gas Directive], aiming to ensure all major gas pipelines entering EU territory comply with EU rules. An agreement on the content of the amendment in February 2019 was seen greatly influencing the future of Nord Stream 2. On 25 July, the consortium formally asked the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to annul the amendments to the Gas Directive.

On 30 October 2019, Denmark's Energy Agency announced it had granted Nord Stream 2 a permit to lay the pipeline across seabed in the country's southeastern territory. The decision was met with criticism from Ukraine and the United States, and praise from Russia. Subsequently, the US put together a set of sanctions against those companies working to complete the project. On 20 December, the United States decided to impose sanctions against companies involved in the project. Despite the potential for delays, Russia's President Vladimir Putin hoped for the conclusion of the project by early 2021.

Official

Official Website of Nord Stream 2 project https://www.nord-stream2.com/

European Commission: Speech by Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič on 'Nord Stream II – Energy Union at the crossroads', 6 April 2016 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-16-1283_en.htm

European Parliament: Press Release, 10/05/2016: MEPs voice grave concerns about Nord Stream 2 project http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20160509IPR26345/

Nord Stream 2: Joint Press Release of ENGIE, Gazprom, OMV, Shell, Uniper, Wintershall and Nord Stream 2 AG, 12 August 2016 https://www.nord-stream2.com/media-info/news-events/joint-press-release-of-engie-gazprom-omv-shell-uniper-wintershall-and-nord-stream-2-ag-22/

European Commission: Press Release, 09/06/2017: Commission seeks a mandate from Member States to negotiate with Russia an agreement on Nord Stream 2 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1571_en.htm

Nord Stream 2: Press Release, 09/06/2017: Company Response to the European Commission Initiative for Negotiations Between the EU and Russia on an Intergovernmental Agreement https://www.nord-stream2.com/media-info/news-events/company-response-to-the-european-commission-initiative-for-negotiations-between-the-eu-and-russia-on-an-intergovernmental-agreement-55/

UOKiK: News 09/05/2018: UOKiK against Nord Stream 2 https://www.uokik.gov.pl/news.php?news_id=14323

Nord Stream 2: News, 25/07/2019: Nord Stream 2 Calls on Court of Justice of the European Union to Annul Discriminatory Measures https://www.nord-stream2.com/en/download/pressrelease/133/

Danish Energy Agency: Press Release, 30/10/2019: Permit for the Nord Stream 2 project is granted by the Danish Energy Agency https://en-press.ens.dk/pressreleases/permit-for-the-nord-stream-2-project-is-granted-by-the-danish-energy-agency-2937696

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News

Deutsche Welle, 18/06/2015: Gazprom inks plan for new gas pipeline to Germany https://p.dw.com/p/1FjH2

EUObserver, 21/06/2015: Pipeline 'disinformation' prompts EU division https://euobserver.com/foreign/129210

EurActiv, 09/09/2015: Duda slams Russia’s second Baltic gas pipeline to Germany https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/duda-slams-russia-s-second-baltic-gas-pipeline-to-germany/

EurActiv, 10/09/2015 Slovak PM calls Nord Stream expansion deal ‘a betrayal’ https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/slovak-pm-calls-nord-stream-expansion-deal-a-betrayal/

EurActiv, 12/11/2015: Poland wants EU to ban Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/poland-wants-eu-to-ban-nord-stream-2/

EurActiv, 17/11/20015: Putin and Gabriel team up on Nord Stream 2 against Brussels https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/putin-and-gabriel-team-up-on-nord-stream-2-against-brussels/

EurActiv, 30/11/2015: Seven EU countries oppose Nord Stream https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/seven-eu-countries-oppose-nord-stream/

EurActiv, 04/12/2015: EU leaders to clash over Nord Stream 2 at summit https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/eu-leaders-to-clash-over-nord-stream-2-at-summit/

EUObserver, 08/12/2015: EU summit: Nord Stream sneaks onto agenda https://euobserver.com/economic/131430

Politico, 16/12/2015: Matteo Renzi’s pipeline politics https://www.politico.eu/article/matteo-renzi-pipeline-politics-energy-south-stream-germany-russia-dependency/

Politico, 18/12/2015: Matteo Renzi picks fight with Angela Merkel https://www.politico.eu/article/matteo-renzi-picks-fight-with-angela-merkel-brussels-summit-eurozone-pipeline/

EUObserver, 18/12/2015: Tusk: Nord Stream II doesn't help https://euobserver.com/energy/131605

EurActiv, 18/12/2015: Tusk joins ‘Visegrad Four’ in attack on Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/tusk-joins-visegrad-four-in-attack-on-nord-stream-2/

Politico, 23/12/2015: Russian pipeline plan draws EU fire https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-donald-tusk-eu-council-italy-central-eastern-europe-russia-gazprom/

Politico, 30/12/2015: Nord Stream 2’s opponents look for legal ammunition https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2s-opponents-look-for-legal-ammunition/

EurActiv, 19/01/2016: Ukraine says opposition to Nord Stream 2 is growing https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/ukraine-says-opposition-to-nord-stream-2-is-growing/

EurActiv, 01/02/2016: Germany seeks to overcome opposition to Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/germany-seeks-to-overcome-opposition-to-nord-stream-2/

Politico, 10/02/2016: Great northern gas war https://www.politico.eu/article/the-great-northern-gas-war-nordstream-pipeline-gazprom-putin-ukraine-russia/

EurActiv, 24/02/2016: Nord Stream 2 will kill EU’s LNG strategy, warns US ambassador https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/nord-stream-2-will-kill-eus-lng-strategy-warns-us-ambassador/

EurActiv, 25/02/2016: Green MEP denounces Gazprom’s bullying tactics over Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/green-mep-denounces-gazproms-bullying-tactics-over-nord-stream-2/

EUObserver, 17/03/2016: Eastern EU leaders to warn Juncker on Nord Stream II https://euobserver.com/foreign/132726

EurActiv, 20/04/2016: Sefcovic sheds light on Nord Stream 2 negotiations https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/sefcovic-sheds-light-on-nord-stream-2-negotiations/

Sputnik International, 28/04/2016: Work on Nord Stream 2 Goes On in Compliance With EU Legislation - Gazprom https://sptnkne.ws/kGrY

EurActiv, 02/05/2016: EPP takes strong position against Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/epp-takes-strong-position-against-nord-stream-2/

EUObserver, 11/05/2016: Nord Stream 2: A killer project https://euobserver.com/opinion/133401

Politico, 17/05/2016: Germany blocks out allies’ wails over Russian pipeline love https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-shrugs-over-nord-stream-fuss/

Radio Poland, 14/06/2016: Nord Stream 2 project moving along with German support: report http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/257101

EurActiv, 16/06/2016: Gazprom warns of steep gas transit cuts via Ukraine after 2020 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/gazprom-warns-of-steep-gas-transit-cuts-via-ukraine-after-2020/

EUObserver, 22/08/2016: Russia to build Nord Stream 2 despite Polish objection https://euobserver.com/economic/134694

Sputnik International, 16/08/2016: Nord Stream-2 Partners Looking for Alternative Ways to Implement Project https://sptnkne.ws/kGsp

EUObserver, 21/10/2016: Poland presses EU on Russian gas pipeline https://euobserver.com/foreign/135608

EUObserver, 03/11/2016: Nordic states want EU decision on Russia pipeline https://euobserver.com/nordic/135739

EurActiv, 31/01/2017: Sweden ready to provide port for Nord Stream 2 construction https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/sweden-ready-to-provide-port-for-nord-stream-2-construction/

EurActiv, 30/03/2017: EU offers to negotiate Nord Stream 2 on behalf of members https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/eu-offers-to-negotiate-nord-stream-2-on-behalf-of-members/

EurActiv, 10/04/2017: Denmark seeks to change law on pipelines amid Nord Stream 2 divisions https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/denmark-seeks-to-change-law-on-pipelines-amid-nord-stream-2-divisions/

Reuters, 09/06/2017: EU executive seeks mandate for talks with Russia over Nord Stream 2 https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKKBN1901ZJ

Kyiv Post, 09/06/2017: European Commission requests mandate from EU members for talks with Russia on Nord Stream 2 https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/european-commission-requests-mandate-eu-members-talks-russia-nord-stream-2.html

EurActiv, 09/06/2017: Commission passes the Nord Stream 2 buck to member states https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/commission-passes-the-nord-stream-2-buck-to-member-states/

TASS, 11/06/2017: EC receives mandate for talks on Nord Stream with Russia http://tass.com/economy/950915

EurActiv, 14/06/2017: Proposed Nord Stream 2 compromise guarantees Ukraine’s gas transit role https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/proposed-nord-stream-2-compromise-guarantees-ukraines-gas-transitrole/

Radio Poland, 26/06/2017: Poland opposes Nord Stream 2 pipeline http://www.thenews.pl/1/6/Artykul/313490

EUObserver, 27/06/2017: EU Commission could get say on Russia gas pipeline https://euobserver.com/foreign/138362

Sputnik International, 27/06/2017: Nord Stream 2 Depends on 'Political Bargaining' Between US, EU https://sptnkne.ws/eJRX

Radio Poland, 09/10/2017: Russia may re-route Nord Stream 2: report http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/329578

Reuters, 09/05/2018: Poland's anti-monopoly office opens proceedings against Nord Stream 2 https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1IA1FC

Kyiv Post, 09/05/2018: Poland brings legal action over Nord Stream 2, threatens partners with fine https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/poland-brings-legal-action-nord-stream-2-threatens-partners-fine.html

EurActiv, 09/05/2018: Poland rolls out big legal gun against Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/poland-rolls-out-big-legal-gun-against-nord-stream-2/

EurActiv, 08/06/2018: All eyes on Denmark after Sweden awards Nord Stream 2 permit https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/all-eyes-on-denmark-after-sweden-awards-nord-stream-2-permit/

Reuters, 09/10/2018: Russia will complete Nord Stream 2 even if more sanctions arrive https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1MJ2C3

EurActiv, 25/10/2018: Nord Stream 2 exposed as Russian weapon against NATO https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/nord-stream-2-exposed-as-russian-weapon-against-nato/

EurActiv, 04/12/2018: Germany to back Nord Stream 2 despite Ukraine tensions https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/germany-to-back-nord-stream-2-despite-ukraine-tensions/

Reuters, 28/12/2018: Tough to stop Nord Stream 2 now it's being built - EU's Oettinger https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1OR0YF

Dutchnews.nl, 08/01/2019: Dispute over Nord Stream 2 pipeline spreads to the Netherlands https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/01/dispute-over-nord-stream-2-pipeline-spreads-to-the-netherlands/

Bloomberg, 20/01/2019: Germany Won't Block Nord Stream Pipeline, Merkel Ally Tells HB https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-20/germany-won-t-block-nord-stream-pipeline-merkel-ally-tells-hb

Reuters, 22/01/2019: OMV defends Nord Stream 2, Gasunie supports German LNG terminal https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1PG2D9

Deutsche Welle, 29/01/2019: Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to open by November https://p.dw.com/p/3CMvC

TASS, 04/03/2019: European Commission intends to negotiate with Russia on Nord Stream 2 http://tass.com/economy/1047356

Politico, 28/03/2019: Nord Stream 2 runs aground in Denmark https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2-runs-aground-in-denmark/

EurActiv, 28/03/2019: Denmark delays Nord Stream 2 approval https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/denmark-delays-nord-stream-2-approval/

Deutsche Welle, 23/06/2019: US lawmakers: Nord Stream 2 'a terrible mistake' https://p.dw.com/p/3KxaW

France24, 28/06/2019: Nord Stream 2 'past point of no return': Russia's Gazprom https://www.france24.com/en/20190628-nord-stream-2-past-point-no-return-russias-gazprom

Copenhagen Post, 01/07/2019: Nord Stream 2 drops plans to establish pipeline through Denmark http://cphpost.dk/news/nord-stream-2-drops-plans-to-establish-pipeline-through-denmark.html

TASS, 15/07/2019: Sea part of Nord Stream 2 pipeline is 60% ready https://tass.com/economy/1068614

EurActiv, 19/07/2019: Nord Stream 2, EU drifting towards legal arbitration https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/nord-stream-2-eu-heading-towards-legal-arbitration/

EurActiv, 26/07/2019: Nord Stream 2 takes unusual legal step against the Commission https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/nord-stream-2-takes-unusual-legal-step-against-the-commission/

Reuters, 26/07/2019: Russia's Nord Stream 2 pipeline takes EU to court over new gas rules https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKKCN1UL12D

Politico, 26/07/2019: Nord Stream 2 goes to EU court over gas rules https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2-goes-to-eu-court-over-gas-rules/

TASS, 26/07/2019: Nord Stream 2 AG requests EU Court of Justice to cancel discriminatory measures https://tass.com/economy/1070603

RFI News, 02/10/2019: Nord Stream 2 could change route if blocked by Denmark: Putin http://en.rfi.fr/contenu/20191002-nord-stream-2-could-change-route-if-blocked-denmark-putin

The Moscow Times, 30/10/2019: Denmark Approves Nord Stream 2 Pipeline https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/30/denmark-approves-nord-stream-2-pipeline-a67979

Deutsche Welle, 30/10/2019: Denmark gives go-ahead for Nord Stream 2 Russian pipeline segment https://p.dw.com/p/3SCUP

Politico, 30/10/2019: Nord Stream 2 clears final hurdle — but delays loom https://www.politico.eu/article/nord-stream-2-clears-final-hurdle-but-delays-loom/

EurActiv, 30/10/2019: Denmark clears major hurdle for Russia’s Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/denmark-clears-major-hurdle-for-russias-nord-stream-2-gas-pipeline/

The Local (Denmark), 31/10/2019: Denmark clears way for Russian gas pipeline https://www.thelocal.dk/20191031/denmark-clears-way-for-russian-gas-pipeline

Reuters, 31/10/2019: Ukraine decries Nord Stream 2 approval, says it weakens Europe https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1XA185

Copenhagen Post, 31/10/2019: Putin full of praise for Denmark following pipeline approval http://cphpost.dk/news/putin-full-of-praise-for-denmark-following-pipeline-approval.html

BBC News, 31/10/2019: Nord Stream 2: Go-ahead for Russian gas pipeline angers Ukraine https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50247793

EurActiv, 12/12/2019: Germany tells US to ‘mind its own business’ over Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/germany-tells-us-to-mind-its-own-business-over-nord-stream-2/

Deutsche Welle, 12/12/2019: Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline faces sanctions under US defense bill https://p.dw.com/p/3UgQq

EurActiv, 21/12/2019: Germany and EU condemn US sanctions on gas pipeline https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/germany-and-eu-condemn-us-sanctions-on-gas-pipeline/

BBC News, 21/12/2019: Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50875935

Deutsche Welle, 21/12/2019: Germany, EU decry US Nord Stream sanctions https://p.dw.com/p/3VAxj

EurActiv, 26/12/2019: Putin warns Washington that Russia has vessel to build Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/putin-warns-washington-that-russia-has-vessel-to-build-nord-stream-2/

Politico, 11/01/2020: Putin hopes for Nord Stream 2 completion by early 2021 https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-hopes-for-nord-stream-2-completion-by-early-2021/

Deutsche Welle, 11/01/2020: Angela Merkel and Vladmir Putin push ahead with pipeline https://p.dw.com/p/3W3Ji

Reuters, 11/01/2020: Putin: Nord Stream 2 pipeline will be finished by year-end or Q1 2021 https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1ZA0NA

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Commentary and Analysis

Wikipedia: Nord Stream 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Stream#Expansion:_Nord_Stream_2

EPC: Commentary, 02/07/2015: Nord Stream expansion: what does it mean for Europe? http://aei.pitt.edu/65784/

EUObserver, 12/08/2015: Nord Stream: The Sequel https://euobserver.com/opinion/129873

EPC: Commentary, 09/10/2015: Nord Stream II – Another test for EU unity http://aei.pitt.edu/68451/

Politico, 26/10/2015: Why Nord Stream is another Mistral deal https://www.politico.eu/article/why-nord-stream-is-another-mistral-deal/

EurActiv, 03/12/2015: Nord Stream 2: How does Ukraine respond? https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/opinion/nord-stream-2-how-does-ukraine-respond/

Carnegie Europe: Strategic Europe, 10/12/2015: Germany’s Ambiguity Toward Russia and Energy Security https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=62243

Carnegie Europe: Strategic Europe, 25/01/2016: Germany, Dump Nord Stream 2 https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=62567

LSE: EUROPP Blog, 04/02/2016: Geopolitical storytelling: How Russia’s Nord Stream 2 narrative is served to the public http://bit.ly/1KWXU9p

NUPI: Policy Brief No. 2, 11/02/2016: Nord Stream 2: policy dilemmas and the future of EU gas market http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2378856

EPRS: At a Glance, April 2016: The Nord Stream 2 pipeline project http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_ATA(2016)580875

EUObserver, 02/05/2016: Empty Gazpromises https://euobserver.com/opinion/133299

OSW: Analyses, 15/06/2016: The EUGAL project: the German branch of Nord Stream 2 https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2016-06-15/eugal-project-german-branch-nord-stream-2

OSW: Analyses, 13/07/2016: Gazprom’s negotiations with Eustream on Nord Stream 2 https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2016-07-13/gazproms-negotiations-eustream-nord-stream-2

EurActiv, 24/08/2016: Nord Stream 2 faces loss of financial and political support https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/nord-stream-2-faces-loss-of-financial-and-political-support/

OSW: Analyses, 21/09/2016: German energy companies lobby for Nord Stream 2 https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2016-09-21/german-energy-companies-lobby-nord-stream-2

OSW: Commentary, 12/10/2016: The Nordic countries on Nord Stream 2: between scepticism and neutrality http://aei.pitt.edu/80603/

Carnegie Europe: Strategic Europe, 03/11/2016: The (German) Politics of Nord Stream 2 https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/65028

PISM: Bulletin, 27/04/2017: Negotiations between the European Commission and Russia on Nord Stream 2 http://www.pism.pl/publications/bulletin/no-41-981

EPRS: At a Glance, July 2017: Gazprom's controversial Nord Stream 2 pipeline http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_ATA(2017)608629

CER: Insight, 12/01/2018: Nord Stream 2: More hot air than gas? https://www.cer.eu/insights/nord-stream-2-more-hot-air-gas

Carnegie Europe: Strategic Europe, 14/06/2018: Should Germany Dump Nord Stream 2? Can it? https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/76597

The Economist, 19/07/2018: The Nord Stream 2 pipeline will strengthen Russia’s hand https://www.economist.com/business/2018/07/19/the-nord-stream-2-pipeline-will-strengthen-russias-hand

The Economist, 07/08/2018: Why Nord Stream 2 is the world’s most controversial energy project https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/07/why-nord-stream-2-is-the-worlds-most-controversial-energy-project

CFR, Article, 16/08/2018: Nord Stream 2: Is Germany ‘Captive’ to Russian Energy? https://www.cfr.org/article/nord-stream-2-germany-captive-russian-energy

Radio Poland, 03/12/2018: Nord Stream 2 pipeline is Russian ‘weapon against Ukraine’ http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/395137

ECFR: Commentary, 20/12/2018: Nord Stream 2: ECFR opinions https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_nord_stream_2_ecfr_opinions

The Economist, 16/02/2019: The Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline moves on https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/02/16/the-nord-stream-2-gas-pipeline-moves-on

EurActiv, 29/05/2019: Exploring the limits of EU’s unbelievable behaviour on Nord Stream 2 https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/exploring-the-limits-of-eus-unbelievable-behaviour-on-nord-stream-2/

Foreign Policy, 07/10/2019: With Gazprom’s Nord Stream 2, Putin Is Getting Ready to Put the Screws on Europe https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/07/gazproms-nord-stream-2-will-help-putin-cut-off-natural-gas-supplies-to-europe/

Euro|topics, October 2019: Nord Stream 2: a pipeline that divides Europe? https://www.eurotopics.net/en/229610/

OSW: Analyses, 31/10/2019: Denmark gives go-ahead for construction of Nord Stream 2 https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2019-10-31/denmark-gives-go-ahead-construction-nord-stream-2

Euro|topics, December 2019: US trying to block Nord Stream 2 with sanctions https://www.eurotopics.net/en/232131/

OSW: Analyses, 18/12/2019: Sanctions against Nord Stream 2 in the US defence budget https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2019-12-18/sanctions-against-nord-stream-2-us-defence-budget

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