Author (Person) | Carroll, Freda, Thomson, Ian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Publisher | ProQuest Information and Learning | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series Title | In Focus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series Details | April 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Publication Date | 26/04/2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Content Type | News, Overview, Topic Guide | In Focus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Since 1996 about 4.5 million cattle in the United Kingdom have been slaughtered to prevent the spread of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) at a cost of £1.4 billion in compensation to farmers and £575 million for disposal of carcases. Since the new variant form of CJD (the human form of the disease caused by exposure to BSE) was identified in 1995, 110 people have died. The beef industry in the UK has suffered huge losses from which it has still not recovered. Beef exports still remain at a fraction of their pre-1996 levels. Although the EU ban on British beef exports was lifted in 1998, France still refuses to import any British beef. Several European countries in which previously there had been little known incidence of BSE have recorded a steadily increasing number of cases. While these are never likely to be as great as those in the UK, this has sparked a renewed sense of unease amongst European consumers about the safety of beef and calls for tighter controls on what is fed to cows and stricter checking procedures for discovering cattle with the disease. A specially convened Agriculture Council on the 4 December 2000 agreed to stricter controls. A White Paper on Food Safety was published in January 2000 and a European Food Safety Authority, set up at the end of 2001, should be operational early in 2002. Background BSE and vCJD in the UK In November 1986 the first case of BSE (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy) was discovered in a herd of cattle in a farm in Sussex in the UK . Scientists concluded that it was a prion disease (like scrapie in sheep) caused by infected animal carcases being processed into cattle feed. Prion proteins are mutated proteins which cause fatal damage to brains which become spongy and full of holes. Loss of coordination and dementia follow. There was concern that BSE might be transmissible and could enter the human food chain. There was a ban on the use of meat and bone meal feed and all infected cattle were slaughtered. There were by then (1988) 2,225 cases of BSE in the UK. The number of BSE cases in the UK peaked in 1992 at 37,280. Measures in force were thought adequate to safeguard both animal and human health. In 1994 the use of animal protein in cattle feed was banned throughout the EU. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans is similar to BSE in cattle, but there had been no evidence of any transmission from animals to humans. In 1995 the first victim of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) died. At first, government scientists rejected any connection between this new variant and BSE. Tighter controls on farmers' records were imposed and there was a ban on the removal of brains, eyes and spinal cords from carcases in slaughter-houses. On 20 March 1996 the UK government announced a probable link between BSE and vCJD, but concluded that cases were linked to exposure to BSE before the introduction of the bovine offal ban in 1989. A week later the European Commission imposed a complete ban on the export of British beef. The UK government then introduced a 30 month slaughter scheme to ensure that no animal over 30 months at the time of slaughter entered the animal feed or human food chain. Cattle passports were introduced. In 1997 a selective cull of cattle most at risk from BSE was introduced in an attempt to convince the European Commission to lift its ban on exports of British beef. A new computerised cattle tracing system was announced and the sale of beef on the bone was banned. A public BSE Inquiry, to reveal the events and decisions which led to the spread of CJD and BSE, began its hearings in March 1998. In September the cattle tracing scheme was launched and in November the EU lifted its ban on exports. In 1999 a compulsory cull of all cows born after 1 August 1996 to BSE cases confirmed before 25 November 1998 was begun. In 2000 the Report of the Inquiry into BSE and variant CJD in the United Kingdom. was published. Since the new variant form of CJD was identified in 1995, 110 people have died. BSE in the rest of Europe Cases of BSE in the UK are declining every year, while in several EU countries (notably Ireland, Portugal and France) the disease is on the increase. This may partly be the result of more efficient methods of testing. Only Sweden has remained free of BSE.
Figures taken from the UK Food Standards Agency's BSE Controls Review Switzerland has recorded 403 cases of BSE. It is the only country, however, to test for "hidden" BSE in carcases of cattle that did not show any signs of the disease prior to death. These results have doubled Switzerland's previous totals and have prompted concerns that substantial numbers of cases are escaping detection elsewhere in Europe. In July 2000 the EU Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) adopted an Opinion on the geographic risk of BSE in all EU Member States and certain third countries. It determined four categories of risk and allocated countries to one of the four categories: Category I is assessed as "Highly unlikely", Category II as "Unlikely but not excluded", Category III as "Likely but not confirmed, or confirmed at a lower level" for Category IV as "Confirmed, at a higher level". The UK has been assessed as falling in Category IV, the highest risk category. The threshold for inclusion in Category IV is an incidence of more than 100 confirmed BSE cases per million within the cattle population over 24 months of age in the country, calculated over the last 12 months. It is expected that the epidemic will have declined sufficiently for the United Kingdom to be classified in a lower risk category by 2002. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the rest of Europe A collaborative study of CJD in the European Union, funded by the European Commission through the BIOMED1 programme, was begun in 1993. From 1993-1995 data was compared from national registries for CJD in France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain and the United Kingdom. The principal goal of this analysis was to determine whether the incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was similar throughout the EU, and if there was any major difference between putative risk factors in various countries. In 1996, the epidemiological surveillance of CJD was extended to all Member States, and in 1997 further extended to include Australia, Canada and Switzerland. This has provided a unique framework to study risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, especially the new variant of CJD which appears to be causally linked to BSE. The announcement by the UK authorities on 20 March 1996 that ten people in that country had recently succumbed to a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and that a link between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) could not be ruled out triggered an unprecedented crisis of confidence among European consumers with regard to beef and bovine products. In these circumstances, the European Commission considered it necessary to inform consumers about the situation, the state of scientific knowledge and the measures taken or planned in the European Union to enhance consumer safety. This was the aim of the BSE Vademecum (3rd edition, 1998) prepared by the Interdepartmental Working Party (IWP) set up by the European Commission on 27 March 1996 to evaluate the consequences of the crisis for consumers and to improve the information supplied to them. This has been supplemented by Frequently asked questions about BSE (a press release MEMO/00/89 from the European Commission issued on the 29 November 2000) and an updated version of Frequently asked questions about BSE on the Commission Food Safety website after the introduction of more systematic testing on a compulsory basis from 1 January 2001. From the first case in 1995 to 20 March 2002 there have been 110 deaths in the UK from definite or probable variant CJD. Referrals of suspect CJD have occurred in all other European Countries but the only instances of deaths probably caused by variant CJD have been 3 in France and 1 in Ireland. Recent EU action to prevent BSE and support the beef market In November 2000 the European Commission put forward a 7 point plan or series of new proposals to respond to the current crisis. These proposals were considered by the specially convened Agriculture Council on the 4 December 2000:
At the Agriculture Council meeting on 29 January 2001, the Commissioner for Agriculture Franz Fischler said:
He called upon the Member States to make use of the purchase for destruction scheme:
Fischler also called for further measures to limit the EU beef production in the future:
In May 2001 he reported again on the beef market situation, which showed signs of recovery.
A "special purchase scheme" was introduced early in 2001 to succeed the "purchase for destruction scheme". Both schemes stipulated that meat from cattle over 30 months old can only enter into the human food chain if it has first been tested negatively for BSE in a move to restore consumer confidence in EU beef. Although the "purchase for destruction scheme" was an effective method of market support in Member States that at the time did not have the capacity to test all animals over 30 months for BSE, it did raise some ethical concerns. The "special purchase scheme" was therefore adopted as an alternative and was initially open only to those Member States which demonstrated full testing capacity for all animals over 30 months of age, and which were faced with a weak market for cow meat. However, once BSE testing of all OTM animals became compulsory on 1 July 2001, the "special purchase scheme" fully replaced "purchase for destruction". Since then, approximately 165 000 tonnes of meat has been bought by the Member States, some of which has been used as national humanitarian aid e.g. to North Korea. The only Member State to be exempted from the scheme is the United Kingdom which has its own OTM (over 30 months) scheme. In December 2001, European Commissioner Franz Fischler announced that the Commission had decided to extend the special purchase scheme to the end of March 2002. The scheme, introduced as part of the Commission's "7-point plan", is one of the measures designed to ease the short-term pressures on the beef and veal market caused by the BSE crisis. Initially intended to run until the end of 2001, this decision foresees its continuation until 31 March 2002.
Currently, the "special purchase scheme" enables Member States, through tenders, to buy into storage meat from all animals in categories B, D, and E that do not qualify for intervention purchases, provided they are over 30 months (OTM) of age and have been tested negatively for BSE. Tendering is only open in those Member States where the price for cows, over a period of two consecutive weeks, is below the trigger price fixed for each Member State. No fixed quantities apply and the purchases are co-financed by the EU (70%) and the Member States (30%). At the Agriculture Council held in Luxembourg on 22 April 2002 European Commissioner David Byrne gave an update on the situation of BSE in Europe, highlighting the fact that good surveillance is imperative. He updated the Council on recent opinions of the Scientific Steering Committee which amongst others concluded that for the time being there would be no need to extend the current list of Specific Risk Materials. Work is continuing on the re-classification of the risk category of all Member States and third countries. The EU measures for the increased testing of sheep entered into force as of 1 April 2002. Mr Byrne reminded Member States to fully co-operate to rectify deficiencies still highlighted by recent FVO missions. On vCJD, he reported that 125 cases have now been identified in Europe and 1 case in the USA (a British Citizen). Food safety in the EU For consumers, safety is the most important ingredient of their food. Because recent crises have undermined public confidence in the capacity of the food industry and of public authorities to ensure that food is safe, the European Commission identified food safety as one of its top priorities. The White Paper on Food Safety of January 12, 2000 set out the plans for a proactive new food policy: modernising legislation into a coherent and transparent set of rules, reinforcing controls from the farm to the table and increasing the capability of the scientific advice system, so as to guarantee a high level of human health and consumer protection. The main priorities of the White Paper are:
In November 2000, the European Commission proposed the creation of a European Food Safety Authority, whose core task will be to provide independent scientific advice and support and to set up a network for close co-operation with similar bodies in Member States. It will assess risks related to the food chain and give the general public information about food risks. The Commission is doing everything possible to ensure that the Authority is legally set up and that key operations can start as early as possible in 2002. French ban on British beef All UK beef exports were banned in 1996 after the British government admitted a probable link between BSE and the human form of the fatal brain-wasting illness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. When the EU lifted the ban in summer 1999 for meat produced under extremely strict conditions, France maintained its domestic ban, citing claims by its own food safety agency that the risk of human infection could not be excluded. After repeated warnings, the European Commission referred the matter to the European Court of Justice which began its hearings in June 2001. The Commission's lawyers said France's refusal to respect an EU decision lifting the ban was "brazen and unjustified". Lawyers for the French government told the court that the case was of "crucial importance" for human and animal health throughout the EU, where more than 100 probable or confirmed cases of new variant CJD have been recorded. The opinion of Jean Mischo (the ECJ Advocate General), given in September 2001, was that the French government could not refuse meat imported directly from the UK. However, he said France could be justified in prohibiting British beef imported via another country, because of the lack of an EU-wide tracing system for beef in 1999, when British beef exports resumed. In the judgment, in December 2001, the Court's ruled that the French ban was illegal. However France had some justification for its concerns because the European Union did not have a reliable tracing system in place for beef when it allowed some British exports to resume in August 1999. France wants Britain to introduce mandatory testing of all cattle older than 30 months to allow a more accurate picture to be drawn of the status of BSE, of which there have been more than 180,000 cases in the UK. At the moment, only animals that are destined for food production have to be tested, although the UK also tests a random sample of other cattle. France has given the clearest indication yet that it is not about to lift its import ban on British beef, citing a report that criticises measures by the UK to reduce the risks from BSE, or mad cow disease. Jean Glavany, French agriculture minister, said that his government's decision on whether to lift the embargo would be based purely on the need to protect consumers. He referred to a recent report from the European Commission's Food and Veterinary Office that cast doubt on the true picture of BSE in the UK. The report concluded: "as active surveillance is practically not performed, it has to be assumed that the BSE incidence for Great Britain has to be seen with a considerable degree of uncertainty." In March 2002, Brussels threatened France with monthly fines following its insistence that it will not accept British beef imports before June 2002 when the French general election will be held. The European Commission said that unless France reversed its position, it would consider reopening infringement proceedings and ask the European Court of Justice to order the fines to be paid. The issue may not be easy to solve, however. The French government may prefer to be fined than to undermine the ruling of the food safety agency it set up. The National Farmers' Union is pursuing its own European court action against the French ban. Ben Gill, NFU president, said "British farmers are outraged that France continues to defy EU law and we have been forced down this long-winded legal route to get justice." (Britain had exported more than £300m of beef to France before the ban). On 20 March 2002 a letter of formal notice was sent to France for non-compliance of Court judgment on British beef .
Further information within European Sources Online:
Further information can be seen in these external links: European Union Further Press Releases, Speeches and Memos from this source can be found by a search on RAPID. Choose the date period to be covered and insert "BSE" in either the "Title" or "Text" fields. National governments
Non-governmental organisations
News services
Further and subsequent information on the subject of this week's In Focus can be found by an 'Advanced Search' in European Sources Online by inserting 'BSE' in the keyword field. Original compilation: Ian Thomson, December 2000 Overview of the BSE crisis in Europe. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject Categories | Business and Industry |
![](https://www.europeansources.info/wp-content/uploads/esologo2.png)