Allocation, allocation, allocation! The political economy of the development of the European Union Emissions Trading System

Abstract:

The European Union's pioneering carbon Emissions Trading System, the EU ETS, has inspired countries around the world to launch their own CO₂ markets. This paper analyses the evolution of the EU ETS from a political economy perspective, emphasizing the interaction of economic principles and political interests at pivotal moments, and showing how each compromise changed the scope for future design choices. We focus on the allowance allocation issue, which provides a window into the complex tug-of-war between economic efficiency and the politics of distribution. Our account highlights the dynamic nature of CO₂ market reform, and provides lessons that can help inform the design of more stable and effective CO₂ markets in the future.