Administrative and judicial enforcement in consumer protection: the way forward

The paper analyses the relationship between administrative and judicial enforcement in Consumer Protection. It first sets out the European state of development with regard to injunctions, thereby focusing on the different models of the European group actions and the regulation of standing, as well as comparing ex post ante and ex post intervention. The second part reframes the European debate in the light of the US and Canadian experiences and formulates a whole set of policy options. In the final part we propose a set of policy recommendations that the Commission should consider in the process of reviewing the collective redress directive and more in general the European policies concerning collective redress.