The eclipse of the legality principle in the European Union

Contents:

Part I: Introduction: Transformation

1. Introduction: Legality in Multiple Legal Orders - L. Besselink, F. Pennings, S. Prechal

2. As Good as It Gets: On Risk, Legality and the Precautionary Principle - B. de Vries, L. Francot-Timmermans

Part II: Legality and the Attribution of Powers to Public Authorities

3. Administrative Powers in German and English Law - G. Jurgens, M. Verhoeven, P. Willemsen

4. National Legality and European Obligations - M. Verhoeven, R. Widdershoven

5. The Legality of Independent Regulatory Authorities - A. Ottow, S. Lavrijssen

Part III: Legality and Quality of Legislation

6. The Quality of the Law as a Tool for Judicial Control - A. Woltjer

7. Coherent Codification? A Case-Study in EU Equal Treatment Legislation - S. Burri

8. The Rocky Path of EU Legislation on Workers’ Involvement: Coherent Codification of the Right to Information and Consultation of Workers in European Law? - T. Jaspers, R. Meyers

Part IV: Legality and the Impact of Non-Legislative Instruments

9. The Open Method of Coordination in the Area of Social Policy and the Legality Principle - F. Pennings

10. The Principle of Legality and the ‘Soft Law’ Regulation and Supervision of Financial Markets - T. Duijkersloot

11. The Quasi-Legislative Powers of the European Social Dialogue: Imperfect Delegation of Powers or Ambivalent Recognition of Contractual Autonomy? - A. Veldman

Part V: Legality and Concealed Mechanisms behind Extension of EU Powers

12. The Principle of Attributed Powers and the ‘Scope’ of EU Law - S. Prechal, H. van Eijken, S. de Vries

13. Eurojust II: Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu l’auras? - T. Marguery

14. Legality and Data Protection Law: The Forgotten Purpose of Purpose Limitation - E. Brouwer

15. Conclusion: The Eclipse of Legality – An Assessment - L. BesselinkLegality is a traditional normative concept to regulate the relationship between those in power and those subjected to that power. The principle of legality protects the citizen against the arbitrary use of power, or, more precisely, it demands a legal basis (which itself must be of a certain standard) to legitimise State action. Is legality under siege in Europe? The authors contributing to this book answer this question in the affirmative.

Twenty-one European legal scholars expose a spectrum of ways in which the traditional legality principle is under pressure because of the creation of new legal orders, including that of the EU, and the interaction between these new orders and that of the State, combined with such factors as expertise driven governance, difficulties of international organizations to meet their objectives due to a lack of adequate powers, and lack of parliamentary control.

The question of whether the main functions of legality – legitimating, attributing and regulating the exercise of public authority – are still fulfilled in the context of the overlapping, interacting, and mutually dependent legal orders of the EU, the ECHR, and the Member States is at the background of all the essays in this volume. Recognizing that legality, if it is to survive, demands rigorous reconsideration of its scope and application, the authors interrogate not only such fundamental democratic issues as who has legitimate power to perform legislative acts and through these to exercise of public power over citizens, but also such urgent European problems as the following:

• the use of the precautionary principle in EU decision-making
• the scope of the principle that the exercise of public authority must rest on an act of Parliament
• the extent to which the EU can provide a legal basis for action of Member State authorities in the absence of such a basis within Member State legal orders
• the constitutional position of independent ‘regulators’
• the requirements that ECJ and ECHR case law impose on the exercise of public authority
• whether legislative results are coherent in the sensitive area of equal treatment
• transparency, legal certainty, enforceability, and implementation of EC Directives in the field of workers’ involvement
• new instruments as the Open Method of Coordination and the involvement of social partners in decision-making
• the de facto harmonization of national criminal justice systems
• the prominent role of the EU in the field of data protection.

There can be little doubt that the issue of legality and to whom it applies – in a world in which the role of the modern State is changing profoundly – is a crucial one. It is highly important in the context of the ongoing discussion on the meaning of democracy and citizenship. This volume, with its message that reconsidering legality demands taking serious issue with the uncertainty engendered by the processes of globalization, will resonate among practitioners and policymakers in this time of change.